url_pattern_helpers.cpp

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#if ADA_INCLUDE_URL_PATTERN
#include "ada/url_pattern_helpers-inl.h"
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <charconv>
#include <optional>
#include <ranges>
#include <string>
 
#include "ada/character_sets.h"
#include "ada/helpers.h"
#include "ada/scheme.h"
#include "ada/unicode.h"
 
namespace ada::url_pattern_helpers {
 
std::tuple<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>
generate_regular_expression_and_name_list(
    const std::vector<url_pattern_part>& part_list,
    url_pattern_compile_component_options options) {
  // Let result be "^"
  std::string result = "^";
  // Reserve capacity to reduce reallocations
  result.reserve(part_list.size() * 16);
 
  // Let name list be a new list
  std::vector<std::string> name_list{};
  name_list.reserve(part_list.size());
 
  // Pre-generate segment wildcard regexp if needed (avoids repeated generation)
  std::string segment_wildcard_regexp;
 
  // For each part of part list:
  for (const url_pattern_part& part : part_list) {
    // If part's type is "fixed-text":
    if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::FIXED_TEXT) {
      // If part's modifier is "none"
      if (part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::none) {
        result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.value));
      } else {
        // (?:<fixed text>)<modifier>
        result.append("(?:");
        result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.value));
        result.push_back(')');
        result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
      }
      continue;
    }
 
    // Assert: part's name is not the empty string
    ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(!part.name.empty());
    name_list.push_back(part.name);
 
    // Use string_view to avoid copies where possible
    std::string_view regexp_value = part.value;
 
    if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::SEGMENT_WILDCARD) {
      // Lazy generate segment wildcard regexp
      if (segment_wildcard_regexp.empty()) {
        segment_wildcard_regexp = generate_segment_wildcard_regexp(options);
      }
      regexp_value = segment_wildcard_regexp;
    } else if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::FULL_WILDCARD) {
      regexp_value = ".*";
    }
 
    // If part's prefix is the empty string and part's suffix is the empty
    // string
    if (part.prefix.empty() && part.suffix.empty()) {
      // If part's modifier is "none" or "optional"
      if (part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::none ||
          part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::optional) {
        // (<regexp value>)<modifier>
        result.push_back('(');
        result.append(regexp_value);
        result.push_back(')');
        result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
      } else {
        // ((?:<regexp value>)<modifier>)
        result.append("((?:");
        result.append(regexp_value);
        result.push_back(')');
        result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
        result.push_back(')');
      }
      continue;
    }
 
    // If part's modifier is "none" or "optional"
    if (part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::none ||
        part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::optional) {
      // (?:<prefix>(<regexp value>)<suffix>)<modifier>
      result.append("(?:");
      result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.prefix));
      result.push_back('(');
      result.append(regexp_value);
      result.push_back(')');
      result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.suffix));
      result.push_back(')');
      result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
      continue;
    }
 
    // Assert: part's modifier is "zero-or-more" or "one-or-more"
    ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::zero_or_more ||
                    part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::one_or_more);
 
    // Assert: part's prefix is not the empty string or part's suffix is not the
    // empty string
    ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(!part.prefix.empty() || !part.suffix.empty());
 
    // (?:<prefix>((?:<regexp value>)(?:<suffix><prefix>(?:<regexp
    // value>))*)<suffix>)?
    // Append "(?:" to the end of result.
    result.append("(?:");
    // Append the result of running escape a regexp string given part's prefix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.prefix));
    // Append "((?:" to the end of result.
    result.append("((?:");
    // Append regexp value to the end of result.
    result.append(regexp_value);
    // Append ")(?:" to the end of result.
    result.append(")(?:");
    // Append the result of running escape a regexp string given part's suffix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.suffix));
    // Append the result of running escape a regexp string given part's prefix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.prefix));
    // Append "(?:" to the end of result.
    result.append("(?:");
    // Append regexp value to the end of result.
    result.append(regexp_value);
    // Append "))*)" to the end of result.
    result.append("))*)");
    // Append the result of running escape a regexp string given part's suffix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_regexp_string(part.suffix));
    // Append ")" to the end of result.
    result.append(")");
 
    // If part's modifier is "zero-or-more" then append "?" to the end of result
    if (part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::zero_or_more) {
      result += "?";
    }
  }
 
  // Append "$" to the end of result
  result += "$";
 
  // Return (result, name list)
  return {std::move(result), std::move(name_list)};
}
 
bool is_ipv6_address(std::string_view input) noexcept {
  // If input's code point length is less than 2, then return false.
  if (input.size() < 2) return false;
 
  // Let input code points be input interpreted as a list of code points.
  // If input code points[0] is U+005B ([), then return true.
  if (input.front() == '[') return true;
  // If input code points[0] is U+007B ({) and input code points[1] is U+005B
  // ([), then return true.
  if (input.starts_with("{[")) return true;
  // If input code points[0] is U+005C (\‍) and input code points[1] is U+005B
  // ([), then return true.
  return input.starts_with("\\[");
}
 
std::string_view convert_modifier_to_string(
    url_pattern_part_modifier modifier) {
  switch (modifier) {
      // If modifier is "zero-or-more", then return "*".
    case url_pattern_part_modifier::zero_or_more:
      return "*";
    // If modifier is "optional", then return "?".
    case url_pattern_part_modifier::optional:
      return "?";
    // If modifier is "one-or-more", then return "+".
    case url_pattern_part_modifier::one_or_more:
      return "+";
    // Return the empty string.
    default:
      return "";
  }
}
 
std::string generate_segment_wildcard_regexp(
    url_pattern_compile_component_options options) {
  // Let result be "[^".
  std::string result = "[^";
  // Append the result of running escape a regexp string given options's
  // delimiter code point to the end of result.
  result.append(escape_regexp_string(options.get_delimiter()));
  // Append "]+?" to the end of result.
  result.append("]+?");
  // Return result.
  ada_log("generate_segment_wildcard_regexp result: ", result);
  return result;
}
 
namespace {
// Unified lookup table for URL pattern character classification
// Bit flags for different character types
constexpr uint8_t CHAR_SCHEME = 1;  // valid in scheme (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, +, -, .)
constexpr uint8_t CHAR_UPPER = 2;   // uppercase letter (needs lowercasing)
constexpr uint8_t CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME = 4;  // simple hostname (a-z, 0-9, -, .)
constexpr uint8_t CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME =
    8;  // simple pathname (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, /, -, _, ~)
 
constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 256> char_class_table = []() consteval {
  std::array<uint8_t, 256> table{};
  for (int c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
    table[c] = CHAR_SCHEME | CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME | CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  for (int c = 'A'; c <= 'Z'; c++)
    table[c] = CHAR_SCHEME | CHAR_UPPER | CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  for (int c = '0'; c <= '9'; c++)
    table[c] = CHAR_SCHEME | CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME | CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  table['+'] = CHAR_SCHEME;
  table['-'] = CHAR_SCHEME | CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME | CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  table['.'] =
      CHAR_SCHEME | CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME;  // not pathname (needs normalization)
  table['/'] = CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  table['_'] = CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  table['~'] = CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME;
  return table;
}();
}  // namespace
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_protocol(
    std::string_view input) {
  ada_log("canonicalize_protocol called with input=", input);
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
 
  if (input.ends_with(":")) {
    input.remove_suffix(1);
  }
 
  // Fast path: special schemes are already canonical
  if (scheme::is_special(input)) {
    return std::string(input);
  }
 
  // Fast path: validate scheme chars and check for uppercase
  // First char must be alpha (not +, -, ., or digit)
  uint8_t first_flags = char_class_table[static_cast<uint8_t>(input[0])];
  if (!(first_flags & CHAR_SCHEME) || input[0] == '+' || input[0] == '-' ||
      input[0] == '.' || unicode::is_ascii_digit(input[0])) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
 
  uint8_t needs_lowercase = first_flags & CHAR_UPPER;
  for (size_t i = 1; i < input.size(); i++) {
    uint8_t flags = char_class_table[static_cast<uint8_t>(input[i])];
    if (!(flags & CHAR_SCHEME)) {
      return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
    }
    needs_lowercase |= flags & CHAR_UPPER;
  }
 
  if (needs_lowercase == 0) {
    return std::string(input);
  }
 
  std::string result(input);
  unicode::to_lower_ascii(result.data(), result.size());
  return result;
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_username(
    std::string_view input) {
  // If value is the empty string, return value.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Percent-encode the input using the userinfo percent-encode set.
  size_t idx = ada::unicode::percent_encode_index(
      input, character_sets::USERINFO_PERCENT_ENCODE);
  if (idx == input.size()) {
    // No encoding needed, return input as-is
    return std::string(input);
  }
  // Percent-encode from the first character that needs encoding
  return ada::unicode::percent_encode(
      input, character_sets::USERINFO_PERCENT_ENCODE, idx);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_password(
    std::string_view input) {
  // If value is the empty string, return value.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Percent-encode the input using the userinfo percent-encode set.
  size_t idx = ada::unicode::percent_encode_index(
      input, character_sets::USERINFO_PERCENT_ENCODE);
  if (idx == input.size()) {
    // No encoding needed, return input as-is
    return std::string(input);
  }
  // Percent-encode from the first character that needs encoding
  return ada::unicode::percent_encode(
      input, character_sets::USERINFO_PERCENT_ENCODE, idx);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_hostname(
    std::string_view input) {
  ada_log("canonicalize_hostname input=", input);
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Fast path: simple hostnames (lowercase ASCII, digits, -, .) need no IDNA
  bool needs_processing = false;
  for (char c : input) {
    needs_processing |=
        !(char_class_table[static_cast<uint8_t>(c)] & CHAR_SIMPLE_HOSTNAME);
  }
  if (!needs_processing) {
    return std::string(input);
  }
 
  // Let dummyURL be a new URL record.
  // Let parseResult be the result of running the basic URL parser given value
  // with dummyURL as url and hostname state as state override.
 
  // IMPORTANT: The protocol needs to be a special protocol, otherwise the
  // hostname will not be converted using IDNA.
  auto url = ada::parse<url_aggregator>("https://dummy.test", nullptr);
  ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(url);
  // if (!isValidHostnameInput(hostname)) return kj::none;
  if (!url->set_hostname(input)) {
    // If parseResult is failure, then throw a TypeError.
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
  // Return dummyURL's host, serialized, or empty string if it is null.
  return std::string(url->get_hostname());
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_ipv6_hostname(
    std::string_view input) {
  ada_log("canonicalize_ipv6_hostname input=", input);
  // TODO: Optimization opportunity: Use lookup table to speed up checking
  if (std::ranges::any_of(input, [](char c) {
        return c != '[' && c != ']' && c != ':' &&
               !unicode::is_ascii_hex_digit(c);
      })) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
  // Append the result of running ASCII lowercase given code point to the end of
  // result.
  auto hostname = std::string(input);
  unicode::to_lower_ascii(hostname.data(), hostname.size());
  return hostname;
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_port(
    std::string_view port_value) {
  // If portValue is the empty string, return portValue.
  if (port_value.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Remove ASCII tab or newline characters
  std::string trimmed(port_value);
  helpers::remove_ascii_tab_or_newline(trimmed);
 
  if (trimmed.empty()) {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Input should start with a digit character
  if (!unicode::is_ascii_digit(trimmed.front())) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
 
  // Find the first non-digit character
  auto first_non_digit =
      std::ranges::find_if_not(trimmed, unicode::is_ascii_digit);
  std::string_view digits_to_parse =
      std::string_view(trimmed.data(), first_non_digit - trimmed.begin());
 
  // Here we have that a range of ASCII digit characters identified
  // by digits_to_parse. It is none empty.
  // We want to determine whether it is a valid port number (0-65535).
  // Clearly, if the length is greater than 5, it is invalid.
  // If the length is 5, we need to compare lexicographically to "65535".
  // Otherwise it is valid.
  if (digits_to_parse.size() == 5) {
    if (digits_to_parse > "65535") {
      return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
    }
  } else if (digits_to_parse.size() > 5) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
  if (digits_to_parse[0] == '0' && digits_to_parse.size() > 1) {
    // Leading zeros are not allowed for multi-digit ports
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
  // It is valid! Most times, we do not need to parse it into an integer.
  return std::string(digits_to_parse);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_port_with_protocol(
    std::string_view port_value, std::string_view protocol) {
  // If portValue is the empty string, return portValue.
  if (port_value.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Handle empty or trailing colon in protocol
  if (protocol.empty()) {
    protocol = "fake";
  } else if (protocol.ends_with(":")) {
    protocol.remove_suffix(1);
  }
 
  // Remove ASCII tab or newline characters
  std::string trimmed(port_value);
  helpers::remove_ascii_tab_or_newline(trimmed);
 
  if (trimmed.empty()) {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Input should start with a digit character
  if (!unicode::is_ascii_digit(trimmed.front())) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
 
  // Find the first non-digit character
  auto first_non_digit =
      std::ranges::find_if_not(trimmed, unicode::is_ascii_digit);
  std::string_view digits_to_parse =
      std::string_view(trimmed.data(), first_non_digit - trimmed.begin());
 
  // Parse the port number
  uint16_t parsed_port{};
  auto result = std::from_chars(digits_to_parse.data(),
                                digits_to_parse.data() + digits_to_parse.size(),
                                parsed_port);
 
  if (result.ec == std::errc::result_out_of_range) {
    return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
  }
 
  if (result.ec == std::errc()) {
    // Check if this is the default port for the scheme
    uint16_t default_port = scheme::get_special_port(protocol);
 
    // If it's the default port for a special scheme, return empty string
    if (default_port != 0 && default_port == parsed_port) {
      return "";
    }
 
    // Successfully parsed, return as string
    return std::to_string(parsed_port);
  }
 
  return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_pathname(
    std::string_view input) {
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Fast path: simple pathnames (no . which needs normalization) can be
  // returned as-is
  bool needs_processing = false;
  for (char c : input) {
    needs_processing |=
        !(char_class_table[static_cast<uint8_t>(c)] & CHAR_SIMPLE_PATHNAME);
  }
  if (!needs_processing) {
    return std::string(input);
  }
 
  // Let leading slash be true if the first code point in value is U+002F (/)
  // and otherwise false.
  const bool leading_slash = input.starts_with("/");
  // Let modified value be "/-" if leading slash is false and otherwise the
  // empty string.
  const auto modified_value = leading_slash ? "" : "/-";
  const auto full_url =
      std::string("fake://fake-url") + modified_value + std::string(input);
  if (auto url = ada::parse<url_aggregator>(full_url, nullptr)) {
    const auto pathname = url->get_pathname();
    // If leading slash is false, then set result to the code point substring
    // from 2 to the end of the string within result.
    if (!leading_slash) {
      // pathname should start with "/-" but path traversal (e.g. "../../")
      // can reduce it to just "/" which is shorter than 2 characters.
      if (pathname.size() < 2) {
        return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
      }
      return std::string(pathname.substr(2));
    }
    return std::string(pathname);
  }
  // If parseResult is failure, then throw a TypeError.
  return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_opaque_pathname(
    std::string_view input) {
  // If value is the empty string, return value.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Let dummyURL be a new URL record.
  // Set dummyURL's path to the empty string.
  // Let parseResult be the result of running URL parsing given value with
  // dummyURL as url and opaque path state as state override.
  if (auto url =
          ada::parse<url_aggregator>("fake:" + std::string(input), nullptr)) {
    // Return the result of URL path serializing dummyURL.
    return std::string(url->get_pathname());
  }
  // If parseResult is failure, then throw a TypeError.
  return tl::unexpected(errors::type_error);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_search(std::string_view input) {
  // If value is the empty string, return value.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Remove leading '?' if present
  std::string new_value;
  new_value = input[0] == '?' ? input.substr(1) : input;
  // Remove ASCII tab or newline characters
  helpers::remove_ascii_tab_or_newline(new_value);
 
  if (new_value.empty()) {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Percent-encode using QUERY_PERCENT_ENCODE (for non-special URLs)
  // Note: "fake://dummy.test" is not a special URL, so we use
  // QUERY_PERCENT_ENCODE
  size_t idx = ada::unicode::percent_encode_index(
      new_value, character_sets::QUERY_PERCENT_ENCODE);
  if (idx == new_value.size()) {
    // No encoding needed
    return new_value;
  }
  // Percent-encode from the first character that needs encoding
  return ada::unicode::percent_encode(
      new_value, character_sets::QUERY_PERCENT_ENCODE, idx);
}
 
tl::expected<std::string, errors> canonicalize_hash(std::string_view input) {
  // If value is the empty string, return value.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Remove leading '#' if present
  std::string new_value;
  new_value = input[0] == '#' ? input.substr(1) : input;
  // Remove ASCII tab or newline characters
  helpers::remove_ascii_tab_or_newline(new_value);
 
  if (new_value.empty()) {
    return "";
  }
 
  // Percent-encode using FRAGMENT_PERCENT_ENCODE
  size_t idx = ada::unicode::percent_encode_index(
      new_value, character_sets::FRAGMENT_PERCENT_ENCODE);
  if (idx == new_value.size()) {
    // No encoding needed
    return new_value;
  }
  // Percent-encode from the first character that needs encoding
  return ada::unicode::percent_encode(
      new_value, character_sets::FRAGMENT_PERCENT_ENCODE, idx);
}
 
tl::expected<std::vector<token>, errors> tokenize(std::string_view input,
                                                  token_policy policy) {
  ada_log("tokenize input: ", input);
  // Let tokenizer be a new tokenizer.
  // Set tokenizer's input to input.
  // Set tokenizer's policy to policy.
  auto tokenizer = Tokenizer(input, policy);
  // While tokenizer's index is less than tokenizer's input's code point length:
  while (tokenizer.index < tokenizer.input.size()) {
    // Run seek and get the next code point given tokenizer and tokenizer's
    // index.
    tokenizer.seek_and_get_next_code_point(tokenizer.index);
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+002A (*):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '*') {
      // Run add a token with default position and length given tokenizer and
      // "asterisk".
      tokenizer.add_token_with_defaults(token_type::ASTERISK);
      ada_log("add ASTERISK token");
      // Continue.
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+002B (+) or U+003F (?):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '+' || tokenizer.code_point == '?') {
      // Run add a token with default position and length given tokenizer and
      // "other-modifier".
      tokenizer.add_token_with_defaults(token_type::OTHER_MODIFIER);
      // Continue.
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+005C (\‍):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '\\') {
      // If tokenizer's index is equal to tokenizer's input's code point length
      // - 1:
      if (tokenizer.index == tokenizer.input.size() - 1) {
        // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, tokenizer's next
        // index, and tokenizer's index.
        if (auto error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                tokenizer.next_index, tokenizer.index)) {
          ada_log("process_tokenizing_error failed");
          return tl::unexpected(*error);
        }
        continue;
      }
 
      // Let escaped index be tokenizer's next index.
      auto escaped_index = tokenizer.next_index;
      // Run get the next code point given tokenizer.
      tokenizer.get_next_code_point();
      // Run add a token with default length given tokenizer, "escaped-char",
      // tokenizer's next index, and escaped index.
      tokenizer.add_token_with_default_length(
          token_type::ESCAPED_CHAR, tokenizer.next_index, escaped_index);
      ada_log("add ESCAPED_CHAR token on next_index ", tokenizer.next_index,
              " with escaped index ", escaped_index);
      // Continue.
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+007B ({):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '{') {
      // Run add a token with default position and length given tokenizer and
      // "open".
      tokenizer.add_token_with_defaults(token_type::OPEN);
      ada_log("add OPEN token");
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+007D (}):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '}') {
      // Run add a token with default position and length given tokenizer and
      // "close".
      tokenizer.add_token_with_defaults(token_type::CLOSE);
      ada_log("add CLOSE token");
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+003A (:):
    if (tokenizer.code_point == ':') {
      // Let name position be tokenizer's next index.
      auto name_position = tokenizer.next_index;
      // Let name start be name position.
      auto name_start = name_position;
      // While name position is less than tokenizer's input's code point length:
      while (name_position < tokenizer.input.size()) {
        // Run seek and get the next code point given tokenizer and name
        // position.
        tokenizer.seek_and_get_next_code_point(name_position);
        // Let first code point be true if name position equals name start and
        // false otherwise.
        bool first_code_point = name_position == name_start;
        // Let valid code point be the result of running is a valid name code
        // point given tokenizer's code point and first code point.
        auto valid_code_point =
            idna::valid_name_code_point(tokenizer.code_point, first_code_point);
        ada_log("tokenizer.code_point=", uint32_t(tokenizer.code_point),
                " first_code_point=", first_code_point,
                " valid_code_point=", valid_code_point);
        // If valid code point is false break.
        if (!valid_code_point) break;
        // Set name position to tokenizer's next index.
        name_position = tokenizer.next_index;
      }
 
      // If name position is less than or equal to name start:
      if (name_position <= name_start) {
        // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, name start, and
        // tokenizer's index.
        if (auto error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(name_start,
                                                            tokenizer.index)) {
          ada_log("process_tokenizing_error failed");
          return tl::unexpected(*error);
        }
        // Continue
        continue;
      }
 
      // Run add a token with default length given tokenizer, "name", name
      // position, and name start.
      tokenizer.add_token_with_default_length(token_type::NAME, name_position,
                                              name_start);
      continue;
    }
 
    // If tokenizer's code point is U+0028 (():
    if (tokenizer.code_point == '(') {
      // Let depth be 1.
      size_t depth = 1;
      // Let regexp position be tokenizer's next index.
      auto regexp_position = tokenizer.next_index;
      // Let regexp start be regexp position.
      auto regexp_start = regexp_position;
      // Let error be false.
      bool error = false;
 
      // While regexp position is less than tokenizer's input's code point
      // length:
      while (regexp_position < tokenizer.input.size()) {
        // Run seek and get the next code point given tokenizer and regexp
        // position.
        tokenizer.seek_and_get_next_code_point(regexp_position);
 
        // TODO: Optimization opportunity: The next 2 if statements can be
        // merged. If the result of running is ASCII given tokenizer's code
        // point is false:
        if (!unicode::is_ascii(tokenizer.code_point)) {
          // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
          // tokenizer's index.
          if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                  regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
            return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
          }
          // Set error to true.
          error = true;
          break;
        }
 
        // If regexp position equals regexp start and tokenizer's code point is
        // U+003F (?):
        if (regexp_position == regexp_start && tokenizer.code_point == '?') {
          // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
          // tokenizer's index.
          if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                  regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
            return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
          }
          // Set error to true;
          error = true;
          break;
        }
 
        // If tokenizer's code point is U+005C (\‍):
        if (tokenizer.code_point == '\\') {
          // If regexp position equals tokenizer's input's code point length - 1
          if (regexp_position == tokenizer.input.size() - 1) {
            // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
            // tokenizer's index.
            if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                    regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
              return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
            }
            // Set error to true.
            error = true;
            break;
          }
          // Run get the next code point given tokenizer.
          tokenizer.get_next_code_point();
          // If the result of running is ASCII given tokenizer's code point is
          // false:
          if (!unicode::is_ascii(tokenizer.code_point)) {
            // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
            // tokenizer's index.
            if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                    regexp_start, tokenizer.index);
                process_error.has_value()) {
              return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
            }
            // Set error to true.
            error = true;
            break;
          }
          // Set regexp position to tokenizer's next index.
          regexp_position = tokenizer.next_index;
          continue;
        }
 
        // If tokenizer's code point is U+0029 ()):
        if (tokenizer.code_point == ')') {
          // Decrement depth by 1.
          depth--;
          // If depth is 0:
          if (depth == 0) {
            // Set regexp position to tokenizer's next index.
            regexp_position = tokenizer.next_index;
            // Break.
            break;
          }
        } else if (tokenizer.code_point == '(') {
          // Otherwise if tokenizer's code point is U+0028 (():
          // Increment depth by 1.
          depth++;
          // If regexp position equals tokenizer's input's code point length -
          // 1:
          if (regexp_position == tokenizer.input.size() - 1) {
            // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
            // tokenizer's index.
            if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                    regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
              return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
            }
            // Set error to true.
            error = true;
            break;
          }
          // Let temporary position be tokenizer's next index.
          auto temporary_position = tokenizer.next_index;
          // Run get the next code point given tokenizer.
          tokenizer.get_next_code_point();
          // If tokenizer's code point is not U+003F (?):
          if (tokenizer.code_point != '?') {
            // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
            // tokenizer's index.
            if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                    regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
              return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
            }
            // Set error to true.
            error = true;
            break;
          }
          // Set tokenizer's next index to temporary position.
          tokenizer.next_index = temporary_position;
        }
        // Set regexp position to tokenizer's next index.
        regexp_position = tokenizer.next_index;
      }
 
      // If error is true continue.
      if (error) continue;
      // If depth is not zero:
      if (depth != 0) {
        // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
        // tokenizer's index.
        if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
          return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
        }
        continue;
      }
      // Let regexp length be regexp position - regexp start - 1.
      auto regexp_length = regexp_position - regexp_start - 1;
      // If regexp length is zero:
      if (regexp_length == 0) {
        // Run process a tokenizing error given tokenizer, regexp start, and
        // tokenizer's index.
        if (auto process_error = tokenizer.process_tokenizing_error(
                regexp_start, tokenizer.index)) {
          ada_log("process_tokenizing_error failed");
          return tl::unexpected(*process_error);
        }
        continue;
      }
      // Run add a token given tokenizer, "regexp", regexp position, regexp
      // start, and regexp length.
      tokenizer.add_token(token_type::REGEXP, regexp_position, regexp_start,
                          regexp_length);
      continue;
    }
    // Run add a token with default position and length given tokenizer and
    // "char".
    tokenizer.add_token_with_defaults(token_type::CHAR);
  }
  // Run add a token with default length given tokenizer, "end", tokenizer's
  // index, and tokenizer's index.
  tokenizer.add_token_with_default_length(token_type::END, tokenizer.index,
                                          tokenizer.index);
 
  ada_log("tokenizer.token_list size is: ", tokenizer.token_list.size());
  // Return tokenizer's token list.
  return tokenizer.token_list;
}
 
namespace {
constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 256> escape_pattern_table = []() consteval {
  std::array<uint8_t, 256> out{};
  for (auto& c : {'+', '*', '?', ':', '{', '}', '(', ')', '\\'}) {
    out[c] = 1;
  }
  return out;
}();
 
constexpr bool should_escape_pattern_char(char c) {
  return escape_pattern_table[static_cast<uint8_t>(c)];
}
}  // namespace
 
std::string escape_pattern_string(std::string_view input) {
  ada_log("escape_pattern_string called with input=", input);
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return "";
  }
  // Assert: input is an ASCII string.
  ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(ada::idna::is_ascii(input));
  // Let result be the empty string.
  std::string result{};
  // Reserve extra space for potential escapes
  result.reserve(input.size() * 2);
 
  // While index is less than input's length:
  for (const char c : input) {
    if (should_escape_pattern_char(c)) {
      // Append U+005C (\‍) to the end of result.
      result.push_back('\\');
    }
    // Append c to the end of result.
    result.push_back(c);
  }
  // Return result.
  return result;
}
 
namespace {
constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 256> escape_regexp_table = []() consteval {
  std::array<uint8_t, 256> out{};
  for (auto& c : {'.', '+', '*', '?', '^', '$', '{', '}', '(', ')', '[', ']',
                  '|', '/', '\\'}) {
    out[c] = 1;
  }
  return out;
}();
 
constexpr bool should_escape_regexp_char(char c) {
  return escape_regexp_table[(uint8_t)c];
}
}  // namespace
 
std::string escape_regexp_string(std::string_view input) {
  // Assert: input is an ASCII string.
  ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(idna::is_ascii(input));
  // Let result be the empty string.
  std::string result{};
  // Reserve extra space for potential escapes (worst case: all chars escaped)
  result.reserve(input.size() * 2);
  for (const char c : input) {
    if (should_escape_regexp_char(c)) {
      // Avoid temporary string allocation - directly append characters
      result.push_back('\\');
      result.push_back(c);
    } else {
      result.push_back(c);
    }
  }
  return result;
}
 
std::string process_base_url_string(std::string_view input,
                                    url_pattern_init::process_type type) {
  // If type is not "pattern" return input.
  if (type != url_pattern_init::process_type::pattern) {
    return std::string(input);
  }
  // Return the result of escaping a pattern string given input.
  return escape_pattern_string(input);
}
 
constexpr bool is_absolute_pathname(
    std::string_view input, url_pattern_init::process_type type) noexcept {
  // If input is the empty string, then return false.
  if (input.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
    return false;
  }
  // If input[0] is U+002F (/), then return true.
  if (input.starts_with("/")) return true;
  // If type is "url", then return false.
  if (type == url_pattern_init::process_type::url) return false;
  // If input's code point length is less than 2, then return false.
  if (input.size() < 2) return false;
  // If input[0] is U+005C (\‍) and input[1] is U+002F (/), then return true.
  // If input[0] is U+007B ({) and input[1] is U+002F (/), then return true.
  // Return false.
  return input[1] == '/' && (input[0] == '\\' || input[0] == '{');
}
 
std::string generate_pattern_string(
    std::vector<url_pattern_part>& part_list,
    url_pattern_compile_component_options& options) {
  // Let result be the empty string.
  std::string result{};
  // Let index list be the result of getting the indices for part list.
  // For each index of index list:
  for (size_t index = 0; index < part_list.size(); index++) {
    // Let part be part list[index].
    // Use reference to avoid copy
    const auto& part = part_list[index];
    // Let previous part be part list[index - 1] if index is greater than 0,
    // otherwise let it be null.
    // Use pointer to avoid copy
    const url_pattern_part* previous_part =
        index == 0 ? nullptr : &part_list[index - 1];
    // Let next part be part list[index + 1] if index is less than index list's
    // size - 1, otherwise let it be null.
    const url_pattern_part* next_part =
        index < part_list.size() - 1 ? &part_list[index + 1] : nullptr;
    // If part's type is "fixed-text" then:
    if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::FIXED_TEXT) {
      // If part's modifier is "none" then:
      if (part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::none) {
        // Append the result of running escape a pattern string given part's
        // value to the end of result.
        result.append(escape_pattern_string(part.value));
        continue;
      }
      // Append "{" to the end of result.
      result += "{";
      // Append the result of running escape a pattern string given part's value
      // to the end of result.
      result.append(escape_pattern_string(part.value));
      // Append "}" to the end of result.
      result += "}";
      // Append the result of running convert a modifier to a string given
      // part's modifier to the end of result.
      result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
      continue;
    }
    // Let custom name be true if part's name[0] is not an ASCII digit;
    // otherwise false.
    bool custom_name = !unicode::is_ascii_digit(part.name[0]);
    // Let needs grouping be true if at least one of the following are true,
    // otherwise let it be false:
    // - part's suffix is not the empty string.
    // - part's prefix is not the empty string and is not options's prefix code
    // point.
    bool needs_grouping =
        !part.suffix.empty() ||
        (!part.prefix.empty() && !options.get_prefix().empty() &&
         part.prefix[0] != options.get_prefix()[0]);
 
    // If all of the following are true:
    // - needs grouping is false; and
    // - custom name is true; and
    // - part's type is "segment-wildcard"; and
    // - part's modifier is "none"; and
    // - next part is not null; and
    // - next part's prefix is the empty string; and
    // - next part's suffix is the empty string
    if (!needs_grouping && custom_name &&
        part.type == url_pattern_part_type::SEGMENT_WILDCARD &&
        part.modifier == url_pattern_part_modifier::none && next_part &&
        next_part->prefix.empty() && next_part->suffix.empty()) {
      // If next part's type is "fixed-text":
      if (next_part->type == url_pattern_part_type::FIXED_TEXT) {
        // Set needs grouping to true if the result of running is a valid name
        // code point given next part's value's first code point and the boolean
        // false is true.
        if (idna::valid_name_code_point(next_part->value[0], false)) {
          needs_grouping = true;
        }
      } else {
        // Set needs grouping to true if next part's name[0] is an ASCII digit.
        needs_grouping = !next_part->name.empty() &&
                         unicode::is_ascii_digit(next_part->name[0]);
      }
    }
 
    // If all of the following are true:
    // - needs grouping is false; and
    // - part's prefix is the empty string; and
    // - previous part is not null; and
    // - previous part's type is "fixed-text"; and
    // - previous part's value's last code point is options's prefix code point.
    // then set needs grouping to true.
    if (!needs_grouping && part.prefix.empty() && previous_part &&
        previous_part->type == url_pattern_part_type::FIXED_TEXT &&
        !previous_part->value.empty() && !options.get_prefix().empty() &&
        previous_part->value.back() == options.get_prefix()[0]) {
      needs_grouping = true;
    }
 
    // Assert: part's name is not the empty string or null.
    ADA_ASSERT_TRUE(!part.name.empty());
 
    // If needs grouping is true, then append "{" to the end of result.
    if (needs_grouping) {
      result.append("{");
    }
 
    // Append the result of running escape a pattern string given part's prefix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_pattern_string(part.prefix));
 
    // If custom name is true:
    if (custom_name) {
      // Append ":" to the end of result.
      result.append(":");
      // Append part's name to the end of result.
      result.append(part.name);
    }
 
    // If part's type is "regexp" then:
    if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::REGEXP) {
      // Append "(" to the end of result.
      result.append("(");
      // Append part's value to the end of result.
      result.append(part.value);
      // Append ")" to the end of result.
      result.append(")");
    } else if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::SEGMENT_WILDCARD &&
               !custom_name) {
      // Otherwise if part's type is "segment-wildcard" and custom name is
      // false: Append "(" to the end of result.
      result.append("(");
      // Append the result of running generate a segment wildcard regexp given
      // options to the end of result.
      result.append(generate_segment_wildcard_regexp(options));
      // Append ")" to the end of result.
      result.append(")");
    } else if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::FULL_WILDCARD) {
      // Otherwise if part's type is "full-wildcard":
      // If custom name is false and one of the following is true:
      // - previous part is null; or
      // - previous part's type is "fixed-text"; or
      // - previous part's modifier is not "none"; or
      // - needs grouping is true; or
      // - part's prefix is not the empty string
      // - then append "*" to the end of result.
      if (!custom_name &&
          (!previous_part ||
           previous_part->type == url_pattern_part_type::FIXED_TEXT ||
           previous_part->modifier != url_pattern_part_modifier::none ||
           needs_grouping || !part.prefix.empty())) {
        result.append("*");
      } else {
        // Append "(" to the end of result.
        // Append full wildcard regexp value to the end of result.
        // Append ")" to the end of result.
        result.append("(.*)");
      }
    }
 
    // If all of the following are true:
    // - part's type is "segment-wildcard"; and
    // - custom name is true; and
    // - part's suffix is not the empty string; and
    // - The result of running is a valid name code point given part's suffix's
    // first code point and the boolean false is true then append U+005C (\‍) to
    // the end of result.
    if (part.type == url_pattern_part_type::SEGMENT_WILDCARD && custom_name &&
        !part.suffix.empty() &&
        idna::valid_name_code_point(part.suffix[0], false)) {
      result.append("\\");
    }
 
    // Append the result of running escape a pattern string given part's suffix
    // to the end of result.
    result.append(escape_pattern_string(part.suffix));
    // If needs grouping is true, then append "}" to the end of result.
    if (needs_grouping) result.append("}");
    // Append the result of running convert a modifier to a string given part's
    // modifier to the end of result.
    result.append(convert_modifier_to_string(part.modifier));
  }
  // Return result.
  return result;
}
}  // namespace ada::url_pattern_helpers
 
#endif  // ADA_INCLUDE_URL_PATTERN